100+ very Important questions

very important questions from B1 and B2 XII POl SC

VERY IMPORTANT QUESTIONS    2019-20

   SUBJECT –   POLITICAL SCIENCE (028)

CLASS -XII

Book-1: Contemporary World Politics

Chapter-1: Cold War Era

Q1. What do you mean by the Cold war? (CBSE Delhi 2012)

Q2. Name any two founders of the Non-Aligned Movement along with the countries they belonged to. (CBSE Delhi 2012)

Q3. What is the Non-Aligned Movement? (CBSE Delhi -2014)

Q4. What was the Cuban Missile Crisis? Describe its main events. (CBSE Delhi -2014)

Q5. Name the member countries of NATO, SEATO, WARSAW PACT.

Chapter-2: The End of Bipolarity

Q6. What is meant by Shock Therapy?(CBSE Delhi -2011,2013)

Q7. Describe any four drawbacks of the Soviet system. (CBSE Delhi – 2014)

Q8. Why is it said that the collapse of the Berlin Wall signified the collapse of the bi-polar world? (CBSE Delhi -2011)

Q9. Describe any four factors which forced Gorbachev to initiate the reforms in the USSR. (CBSE Delhi -2012

Q10. Assess any six causes responsible for the disintegration of the Soviet Union?(CBSE Delhi -2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015)

Q11. Difference between Bipolarity and Unipolar World.

Q12. Highlight any one feature of the multi-polar world as visualized by both Russia and India. (CBSE Delhi -2017)

Chapter-3: US Hegemony in World Politics

Q13. What was ‘Operation Enduring Freedom’?(CBSE Delhi -2013,2017)

Q14. What is meant by US hegemony in world politics? (CBSE Delhi -2009)

Q15. What is known as “9/11”?(CBSE Delhi -2014)

Q16. Differentiate between the hegemony of the United States as the hard power and soft power.

Q17. What was “Operation Infinite Reach “?

Chapter-4: Alternative Centers of Power

Q18. What is the full form of ASEAN? (CBSE -2014)

Q19. What were the objectives of ASEAN? (CBSE -2014)

Q20. India and China are emerging as great economic powers. Do you agree? Justify your answer with any three arguments. CBSE -2011)

Q21. Which factors make the European Union a highly influential regional organization? (CBSE -

2008,2009,2014,2015)

Q22. Assess the role of ASEAN as an economic association. (CBSE Delhi -2017)

Chapter-5: Contemporary South Asia

Q23. What is the full form of (a) SAFTA(b) SAARC? (CBSE -2012)

Q24. Mention any two objectives of the SAARC. (CBSE -2012)

Q25. List any two areas of conflict between India and Pakistan? (CBSE -2008)

Q26. Highlight any four issues of tension between India and Bangladesh. (CBSE -2012)


Q27. Explain any two causes of the partition of India in 1947. Analysis of any four major consequences.

Chapter-6: International Organizations

Q28. How many countries are members of the United Nations at present? (CBSE -2012)

Q29. State any two objectives of the ‘Human Rights Watch’. (CBSE -2010)

Q30. Mention any four criteria, proposed for the new members of the U.N Security Council. (CBSE -2009)

Q31. Assess any six steps suggested since 2005 to make the United Nations more relevant in the changing context. (CBSE -2010)

Q32. Mention the six principal organs of the United Nations and describe the functions of any two of them. (CBSE Delhi -2017)

Chapter-7: Security in Contemporary World

Q33. What is Security? (CBSE Delhi 2013)
Q34. Suggest anyone effective step which would limit war or violence between countries...
(CBSE  Delhi 2014)
Q35. Mention any four Components of traditional security.   (CBSE Delhi 2008)
Q36. Mention any four threats, except war, to human security. (CBSE Delhi 2010)
Q37. Define security. Explain the traditional and non-traditional notions of security.
(CBSE Delhi 2009)
Q38. What is human security?
Q39. Write a note on global security.
Q40. What is co-operative security?
Q41. What are the reasons behind the rise of international terrorism?
Q42. The concept of co-operative security is more effective in dealing with various contemporary
threats to security. Justify the statement with any four suitable points.
Chapter-8: Environment and Natural Resources
Q43. What is meant by geopolitics? (CBSE Delhi 2011)
Q44. What is the significance of the Kyoto protocol? Is India a signatory to this protocol?
(CBSE Delhi 2009)
Q45. Why do indigenous people need special protection to protect their rights? (CBSE Delhi 2011)
Q46. Explain India’s stand on environmental issues.
Q47. What is meant by common, but different responsibilities about the environment?
(CBSE Delhi 2013, 2009)
Q48. What is the most obvious threat to the survival of indigenous people?
Q49. What is meant by the protection of ‘global commons’ in the world?
Q50. Write a note on the Earth Summit 1992.
Q51. What was the significance of the 1992 Earth Summit?
Q52. Mention any two outcomes of the Rio Summit? (CBSE Delhi 2010,2008)

Chapter-9: Globalization

Q53. Name the international agency relating to environmental programs. (CBSE Delhi 2008)

Q54. What is ‘cultural homogenization? Give an example to show that its consequences are not negative.

Q55. Explain any three cultural consequences of globalization. (CBSE Delhi 2011)

Q56. Highlight any three negative aspects of globalization. (CBSE Delhi 2012)


Q57. Define Globalization. Explain any four main characteristics of globalization? (CBSE Delhi

2012)

Q58. Do you agree with the argument that globalization leads to cultural heterogeneity?

Q59. Mention any two political consequences of globalization.

Q60. What is W.T.O.?

Q61. How far do you agree that the Cultural Consequences of globalization are only negative?

Explain?

Q62. Give a suitable example to show that globalization needs not always be positive? (CBSE Delhi -

2017)

Book-2: Politics in India since Independence
Chapter-10: Challenges of Nation Building

Q63. What is meant by the two-nation theory? (CBSE -2014)

Q64. Who insisted on the partition of British India? (CBSE -2014

Q65. Which four main challenges were faced by India at the time of its independence? Explain briefly. (CBSE -2012)

Q66. Write a note on the consequences of partition. (CBSE -2013) (CBSE Delhi -2017)

Chapter-11: Era of One-Party Dominance
Q67. What is meant by Non-Congress?

Q68. Which political party of India has leaders like A.K. Gopalan, E.M.S. Namboodiripad and S.A. Dange? (CBSE -2014)

Q69. Describe any four factors which were responsible for the dominance of the Congress Party in India till 1967.
Q70. When and why did a long phase of coalition politics begin in India?
Q71. Trace the significance of India‘s first general held in 1952.
Chapter-12: Politics of Planned Development Q72. What is the Green Revolution? (CBSE -2014)
Q73. List any two merits and two demerits of the Green Revolution.(CBSE -2011,2012,2014)

Q74. Differentiate between the main objectives of the first and the second five-year plans. (CBSE -2014)

Q75. What is meant by Planned Development?
Q76. List any two major objectives of Nehru’s foreign policy. (CBSE -2013)

Chapter-13: India’s External Relations

Q77. What was ‘Kargil Confrontation’?(CBSE -2012)

Q78. Explain briefly India’s nuclear policy? (CBSE -2013)

Q79. What was The Tibet issue? How did it cause tension between India and China? Explain. (CBSE -

2012)

Chapter-14: Challenges to the congress system

Q80. What is meant by the term “Congress Syndicate”?(CBSE -2014)

Q81. What is the meaning of ‘dangerous decade’ in the context of Indian Politics? (CBSE -2008)

Q82. What does ‘Aaya Ram-Gaya Ram ’stands for in Indian politics?(CBSE -2009, 2011)

Q83. Examine the major issues which led to the split of Congress Party in 1969. (CBSE -2014)

Q84. Analyze the issue ‘Indira vs the Syndicate’. What type of challenges did the issue pose before Indira Gandhi?

Chapter-15: Crisis of the Democratic Order

Q85. What is meant by Emergency? List any three lessons learned from the National Emergency of

1975. (CBSE -2013)

Q86. Who was CharuMajumdar?(CBSE -2010,2012)



Q87. Highlight the acts of dissent and resistance to the Emergency imposed in 1975. In your opinion, how did these acts affect public opinion? (CBSE Delhi -2017)

Chapter-16: Rise of Popular Movements

Q88. How did the Anti-arrack movement become a women’s movement against social injustice and gender inequalities? How did it bring social awareness among women of the country?(CBSE -2009,2015)

Q89. What was the Chipko Movement? What role did the women play in this movement? (CBSE -

2008,2011,2012)

Q90. What is Naxalitemovement? Evaluate its role in Indian Politics. (CBSE 2009)

Q91. What issues did the Dalit Panthers address?

Chapter-17: Regional Aspirations

Q92. What was ‘Operation Blue Star ‘?(CBSE Outside 2012)

Q93. Mention any two provisions which reflect Special Status to Jammu and Kashmir. (CBSE Delhi 2008)

Q94. Explain any four lessons that have been learned about national integration in India. (CBSE Delhi 2008)

Q95. ‘All the regional movements need not lead to the separatist demands’. Explain the statement by giving suitable examples. (CBSE Delhi 2011)
Q96. The Assam movement was a combination of cultural pride and economic backwardness.

Explain.

Q97. What is meant by the ‘Punjab Accord’ of 1985?

Q98. What is meant by National integration? ( CBSE Delhi 2008)

Q99. Describe the problem of Punjab in the context of Operation Blue Star.

Q100. Write a short note on the Dravidian movement.

Q101. Explain the reasons for the student's movement of 1974 in Bihar and the role-played by Jaiprakash Narayan you in this movement.

Chapter-18: Recent Developments in Indian Politics

Q102. Why was Babri Masjid demolished? (CBSE Delhi 2011)

Q103. What was the Ayodhya dispute? (CBSE Delhi 2008)

Q104. When and why did a long phase of coalition politics begin in India? (CBSE Delhi 2012)

Q105. Describe any four major developments in Indian politics since 1989.. (CBSE Delhi 2015)

Q106. Analyze the two political developments of 1940sthat led to the decision for the creation of Pakistan. (CBSE Delhi -2017)

Q107. Write a short essay on the Bhartiya Janta Party.

Q108. What is the meaning of a coalition? (2015, 2010)

Q109. ‘Coalition government is a bane or a boon for democracy in India ‘.Explain any three arguments in support of your answer. (2011)

Q110. What was the Shah Bano case? (2008)

Q111. What was the main reason for the anti-Muslim riots in Gujarat in 2002?

Q112. What was the main recommendation of the Mandal Commission?

very important questions from Book1 and Book 2 XI POl SC

Very Important Questions for 2019-20


SUBJECT –POLITICAL SCIENCE (028)

CLASS -XI

Book 1: Indian Constitution at Work


Chapter-1: Constitution why and how and philosophy of the constitution

Q1. How much time did the Constituent Assembly take to make the Indian Constitution?
Q2. What is the need and importance of a constitution?

Q3. What is the nature of India's policy according to the preamble?

Q4. Describe the main features of the Indian Constitution.

Q5. Why do we need a constitution?

Q6. How is India a Sovereign, Democratic, Republic? Discuss.

Constitution as a Living Document

Q1.Why is the Indian Constitution called ‘Bag of Borrowing’?

Q2.Write one factor which is responsible for the growth of the Indian Constitution.
Q3.Who is involved in the Constitution amendments?

Q4.Which of the following are involved in the amendment of the Indian Constitution? In what way are they involved?

(a)Voters (b)President of India (c)State Legislatures (d)Parliament (e)Governors (f)Judiciary

Chapter-2: Rights and duties in the Indian Constitution Q7. Why is the Right to Freedom of Religion an important right?

Q8. Mention two main discriminations against women in our society.

Q9. Write a note on the safeguard of the minority interests.

Q10. What do you understand by Right against Exploitation?

Q11. “The Right to Freedom is actually a cluster of several rights”.Explain

Q12. Why have the Fundamental Duties been included in the constitution?

Q13. What benefits will people get from the Right to Education Act?

Chapter-3: Election and Representation Q14. What do you mean by Universal Adult Franchise?
Q15. Write a short note on Mid-term Elections and Bye-Election.

Q16. What do you mean by an election manifesto?

Q17. What is an election? Describe direct and indirect elections in India.

Q18. What are the three kinds of direct elections? Explain.

Q19. Mention any four drawbacks of the Indian electoral system.

Q20. Describe the various stages of the electoral process in India

Chapter-4: The Executive

Q21. What is Executive?

Q22. Write four merits of a good executive?

Q23. How is the governor of a state-appointed?

Q24. How is the President of India elected? What are the Powers of the President of India?

Q25. How is the Indian Prime Minister elected? What are the main powers of the Prime Minister of India?

Q26. The Parliamentary system of executive vests many powers in the legislature for controlling the executive.
        Why do you think, is it so necessary to control the executive?



Chapter-5: The Legislature

Q27. What do you understand by ‘Question Hour’?

Q28. Describe the powers and functions of RajyaSabha.

Q29. How is the LokSabhamore powerful than the RajyaSabha?

Q30. What is the difference between a Bill and the Law?

Q31. Explain three functions of the legislature?

Q32. Why can the LokSabha control the executive more effectively than RajyaSabha can?

Q33. What is the present strength of the LokSabha and RajyaSabha?

Q34. How is the Constitution amended? Describe the amendment procedure.

Chapter-6: The Judiciary

Q35. What are the essential qualifications of a High Court Judge?

Q36. How are Judges of the High Court appointed?

Q37. How did the Independence of Judiciary ensure in India?

Q38. Describe some functions of the Supreme Court of India.

Q39. What do you understand by the term Judiciary? Explain the main functions of the Judiciary.

Q40. What are the different provisions in the Constitution to maintain the independence of the judiciary?

Chapter 7:- Federalism

Q41. What do you understand by Federalism?

Q42. Write the demerits of the Federal Government.

Q43. Name some countries with the Federal System of Government.

Q44. What is the importance of the Federal Government?

Q45. Explain briefly any four provisions which make India a federal state.

Q46. Write the distribution of powers in Indian Federalism.

Q47. Is the Indian Constitution a Federal or Unitary one? Explain.

Chapter 8:- Local Governments

Q48. What is meant by Local Government?

Q49. Which is the first state in India to implement Panchayati Raj?

Q50. What are the main differences between the local government before the 73rd amendment and after that amendment?

Q51. Mention the function of the Gram Sabha and Gram Panchayat.

Q52. Write any three functions of Zila Parishad.

Book 2: Political Theory

Chapter-9: Political Theory: An Introduction Q53. What is Politics?

Q54. Distinguish between Political Science and politics.

Q55. Discuss the importance of Political Theory.

Q56. What is the role of Political theory in politics?

Q57. Write any two utilities of Political Theory.

Q58. In what ways is the study of political theory useful for us? Identify four ways in which political theory can be useful to us?

Chapter-10: Freedom

Q59. What do you understand by freedom of speech and expression?

Q60. “Liberty and Equality are opposed to each other.” Comment.

Q61. Who is Nelson Mandela?

Q62. What is the difference between the negative and the positive conception of liberty? Page 2 of 4

Q63. Suggest some of the safeguards which are essential for maintaining liberty.

Chapter-11: Equality

Q64. Explain the positive and negative aspects of equality.

Q65. What is Equality?

Q66. What do you understand by “equal opportunities for all “?

Q67. What do you understand by “Equality before Law”?

Q68. Briefly describe the four kinds of equality.

Q69. What are the three dimensions of equality?

Chapter-12: Justice with special reference to social Justice Q70. Why do some people say “justice delayed is justice denied “? Q71. What is the difference between legal and moral justice?

Q72. Describe the two dimensions of justice.

Q73. What is social justice? Describe the main features of social justice.

Q74. Describe various kinds of the concept of justice.

Q75. Does the principle of considering the special needs of people conflict with the principle of equal treatment for all?

Q76. Why is the statue of Justice blindfolded?

Chapter-13: Rights

Q77. Why are rights very essential?

Q78. Define Duty.

Q79. What are rights? Distinguish between a right and a claim.

Q80. Describe any two political rights .?

Q81. Name the different kinds of rights. Describe any three of them.

Chapter 14:- Citizenship

Q82. What are the hindrances in the way of good citizenship? (Any Two)

Q83. What is Citizenship?

Q84. What do you mean by democracy?

Q85. How can we say that lack of education or illiteracy is a big obstacle to any kind of progress?

Q86. What are the qualities of a good citizen?

Q87. All citizens may be granted equal rights but all may not be able to equally exercise them Explain.

Chapter 15:- Nationalism

Q88. Mention the name of any four factors which promote feelings of Nationalism.

Q89. Define Nationalism.

Q90. Write two merits of Nationalism.

Q91. Briefly describe the four elements of the State.

Q92. What do you think about the limitations of nationalism?

Chapter 16:- Secularism

Q93. Distinguish between Secularism and Indian Secularism.

Q94. What do you mean by Secularism? Can it be equated with religious tolerance?

Q95. Is India a Secular State?

Q96. Write any four features of Indian Secularism.

Q97. What do you mean by a Secular State?

Chapter 17:- Peace

Q98. What is peace?

Q99. What is the meaning of ‘non-alignment’?



Q100. Write a short note on ‘Panchsheel’ or Disarmament.

Q101. Peace can be realized when there is freedom, equality, and justice. Do you agree?

Q102. What is non-violence?

Chapter 18:- Development

Q103. Which development model is needed for India?

Q104. What do you understand by ‘Development’?

Q105. Mention different dimensions of development.

Q106. Mention four characteristics of development.

Q107. Discuss some of the social and ecological cost of the kind of development which has been pursued in most countries?

XI Pol Sc Const ch 5 Legislature

Constitution at work   chapter: 5   Legislature


Q1.Why do we need Parliament?

Ans. we need parliament  because of the following :

1. It is a forum where ministers and all Parliamentarians get together, debate, discuss and question the work done by them.
2.  Parliament is required for lawmaking. As it is the very basic function of the government of India.

3.  It is the basis of representative democracy as it represents MPs from all the constituencies.

Q2. Why the importance of Parliament is declining?

Ans.  Parliament is losing its importance because of the following grounds:

 1. There have been frequent walkouts, dharnas, protests, and mostly no parliamentary work is done on time.
2.  In India, the cabinet initiates policies, sets the agenda for governance and carries out them.

3. Opposition members are not allowed to raise certain issues, however urgent the topic maybe.,

Q3. How is the cabinet responsible for the legislature?

Ans: For the survival of the cabinet, it requires a majority in Lok Sabha.

Q4 Why do we need two Houses of Parliament?

Ans: The bicameral legislature is possible when there are two houses of the legislature in India, two houses are called Rajya Sabha i.e. council of states and LokSabha i.e. house of people and states has the option to remain either unicameral or become bicameral. At present 5 states have bicameral legislatures.

1. Bihar, 2. Karnataka 3. Madhya Pradesh 4. Uttar Pradesh 5. Kashmir (Earlier) But now it is UT.

Q5: What are the Advantages of having Bicameral Legislature?

Ans: The advantage of having a bicameral legislature is that 1. Countries with large size and diversity give representation to all sections of society and all geographical regions.
     2. Every decision taken by one house is reconsidered by the second house. it means every policy and bill is discussed twice.so there is a double check.

Q6.  what is bicameral legislature?

Ans: 1. A bicameral legislature is when there are two houses of the legislature.

Q7.  Do we have a bicameral legislature in India ?
Ans: yes

Q8.Name the two houses of our legislature?

     1.  Rajya Sabha : (council of states --Upper House )

     2. Lok Sabha: (house of people- Lower House )

Q9. What is Rajya Sabha?
Ans: Rajya Sabha is the house of parliament that represents the states of India.
Q10. How are the members elected for Rajya Sabha?
Ans: Members are elected indirectly by the representatives of state legislatures.
Q11. Which representation does Rajya Sabha follow?
Ans: Our Rajya Sabha has asymmetrical representation. It means the members of states in Rajya Sabha are elected based on the population in the states.
Q12.  Why does Rajya Sabha follow asymmetrical representation?
Ans: Rajya Sabha allows asymmetrical representation to avoid inequality in representation between bigger and smaller states.
Q13. Which schedule fixes members of Rajya Sabha?
Ans. It is fixed by the fourth schedule of the constitution.
Q14. What are the two types of representation in Raya Sabha?
Ans: Asymmetrical representation: here the members are elected based on population and size of the state. For eg: India.
symmetrical representation: a here equal number of members are elected whether they belong to big or small states. Eg: USA

Q15. Why RS is called the permanent house of parliament?
Ans: All members of Rajya Sabha do not retire at the same. After every two years, one-third of members retire and elections are held for that one third. Therefore, Rajya Sabha is never fully dissolved. That is why It is called the permanent house of parliament.

Q16. What was the need for having a permanent house of parliament?

Ans: The reason for being a permanent house of parliament is that when Lok Sabha is dissolved, RS can be called and urgent business that can be conducted.

Q17. What is Lok Sabha?
Ans: Lok Sabha is the house of parliament that is elected directly by the people.
Q18. How are state legislative assemblies formed?
Ans: Representatives who directly get elected by people form legislative assemblies.

Q19. How many constituencies are there in India?

Ans: 543

Q20. Since when constituencies have not been changed?

Ans: 1971

Q21. Why Lok Sabha is not called the Permanent House of parliament?

Ans: Lok Sabha is not called the permanent house of parliament because the members are elected every five years directly by people.

Q22.What are the functions of parliament?

Ans: 1. Legislative function: The drafting of legislation is done by bureaucracy. But approval and enactment are done by parliament.

2.Control of executive and accountability: all the ministers are accountable and answerable in parliament. It cannot ignore the questions asked in parliament and have to reply.

3.Financial functions: The government spends money and raises money through taxes. Legislature approves spending of resources and raising money through taxes. Without their approval, it is not possible to spend or impose new taxes.

4.Representation: parliament represents different views of different regions, religions, social, economic, groups of the country.

5.Debating function: parliament is the forum where members of parliament discuss and debate on the provisions of law.

6.Constituent function: parliament also has the power to make changes in the constitution. But it has to pass by a special majority.

7.Electoral functions: it elects the president and vice president of India.

8.Judicial functions: it includes proposals for the removal of a judge of the supreme court and high courts, president and vice president.

Q23. Difference between powers of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.


I: Lok Sabha

1. Introduces and enacts money bills.
2. Approves proposals for taxation, budgets, and annual financial statements.
3.Controls executive by asking questions, supplementary questions, resolutions, and motions and through nonconfidence motions.
4. It amends the constitution.
5.Approves proclamation of emergency
6. Elects president and vice president. And removes judges of the supreme court and high court.
7. Establishes committees and commissions and give their reports.


II: Rajya Sabha:

1.Cannot introduce or enact money bills. They can only give suggestions for any amendments to money bills.
2. Since RS can only suggest on money bills, it has no powers on taxation or budget.
 3. It also exercises control by asking questions, motions and resolutions.but cannot pass nonconfidence motion because it is a permanent house.
4. It cant be dissolved. Only Lok Sabha can be dissolved.
5. Rajya Sabha has the same powers in amending the constitution.
6. It Has no powers regarding emergency
7. Elects president and vice president. And removes judges of the supreme court and high court. but the power to remove vice president lies only with RS.
8.Gives union parliament power to make laws on matters included in the State list

XI Pol.Sc Indian Constitution ch 6 JUDICIARY

Const ch 6 JUDICIARY

Q1.   Give a note on the importance of the Judiciary.

Ans:  Judiciary is very important because:

      1. It settles disputes between individuals and private parties.

      2. it protects the rights of individuals.

      3. It interprets the provisions of the constitution and protects the rights of citizens.

      4. By synchronizing with principles of the constitution like liberty, justice, etc.

      5. To understand it in an easy way law has different interpretations. For example, a dictator will.

         try to mold law in his favor while a communist government might try to mold law in favor of a group.

      6. Whereas in our democracy judiciary interpret the law in favor of principles like justice, secularism, and rights, etc.

      7. In democracies, independent judiciary plays a vital role by non-interference of ruling representatives and

         and government servants. Judiciary has to function well and has to carry out its functions effectively.

      8. Thus constitution has made certain provisions for its smooth functioning independently by providing a hierarchical court system with

         jurisdiction powers.

Q2.   Why do we need independence from the judiciary?

Ans:  Independence of judiciary is must because:

     1. It settles disputes according to the Rule of law.

     2. It protects the rule of law

     3. It ensures the supremacy of law

     4. It safeguards the rights of individuals

     5. It ensures that democracy does not give way to individual or group dictatorship.

Q3.  what is the meaning of "Rule of law"?

Ans: 1. It means that all individuals whether rich or poor, men or women, forward or backward castes,

       they all are subjected to the same law.

     2. The other main organs of government that are Executive and Legislature must not restrain the functioning of

       judiciary otherwise Judiciary can not provide Justice.

     3. Other organs should not interfere with the decisions of the judiciary.

     4. The judge must be able to perform functions without any fear. But he should not take arbitrary decisions.
   

Q4. How Independence of Judiciary is  provided and protected ?

Ans:
     1.Legislature is not involved in the process of appointment of judges : so Political party will not be

       able to appoint judges. They need to have experience of law.

     2.Judges have a fixed tenure. They hold office till the age of retirement.

       this security ensures that they are able to function without fear of losing their jobs.

     3.Removal of judges is very difficult. Since their removal from jobs is difficult they have

       a security of tenure and can thus function fearlessly.

     4.Judiciary is not dependent on executive and legislature for their salaries. Legislature does

       not discuss on the salaries of judges. They also can not discuss about conduct of judges in

       Parliament, unless the judge is not being impeached. if the judge is discussed it can lead to

       contempt of court and the MP can be penalised.

     

Q5.  what do you mean by "Independence of Judiciary " ?

Ans: it is meant for

     1.Free from interference of Other organs of government like  executive and legislature .

     2.Other organs should not interfere with decisions of judiciary.

     3.judge must be able to perform functions without any fear or favour.

       But it does not mean that judiciary takes arbitrary decisions. Judiciary

       is a part of democratic political structure.



Q6.  Why is the removal of judge difficult?

Ans: It is difficult because that there is a security of tenure. Therefore judges can work fearlessly.
   

Q7.  Who is appointed as chief justice of india (CJI)?

Ans: Senior most judge of supreme court is appointed as chief justice of india.


Q8.  Name two judges who supreseded the convention to become CJI ?

Ans: 1.Justice AN Ray and justice MH Beg.


Q9. Name the judge who superseded justice HR Khanna to become CJI?

Ans: Justice M H Beg

Q10. Why MH Beg and AN Ray were able to break the convention in 1970s to become CJI?

Ans4.Indira Gandhi wanted committed bureaucracy and committed judiciary to sustain her rule. Moreover in 1975 she imposed

     emergency. So she needed committed system who will adhere to her demands.


Q11. How is a Judge appointed?

Ans: To appoint a judge, principle of collegiality is adopted. Names of judges are suggested by

     CJI in consultation with four senior most judges. And the president appoints them .


Q12. On which justice was resolution Against his removal passed?

Ans: Justice V. ramaswamy


Q13.  On what grounds judge of supreme court or high court can be removed?

Ans: Proven misbehaviour or incapacity.


Q14. How does advisory jurisdiction help?

Ans: Advisory jurisdiction helps in a way that :

     it allows government to seek legal opinion on important matter so that later it does not lead to unnecessary legal hassles.

     when the supreme court gives advice the government can make changes in its action or legislations.


Q15. What are the Original jurisdiction powers of supreme court?


Ans: Original jurisdiction: it means cases that can be directly considered by supreme court without going to lower courts

     before that. And those are federal cases. Disputes arising between union and states, and amongst states themselves directly

     go to supreme court.

     The supreme court has the sole power to resolve such cases. Neither high court nor lower court can deal with such cases.

     It also interprets the powers of union and state government as laid down in constitution.


Q16. What are the Writ jurisdiction powers of supreme court ?
   
     Writ jurisdiction: any individual whose fundamental rights has been violated he/she can directly approach supreme court.

     The supreme court and high courts can order Writs. It is on the individual, whether he wants to approach high court or supreme court.

     Through such writs, court can order executive whether to act or not to act.


Q17. What are the Appellate jurisdiction powers of supreme court ?


    Appellate jurisdiction powers : It means that the supreme court will reconsider the case and legal issues involved in it. The supreme court

    is the highest court of appeal. A person can appeal to supreme court against the decisions of the High Court. But high court has to

    certify that the case is fit for appeal. And in criminal case, if death has been given by lower court, guilty can appeal to supreme court.

    Supreme Court has the right to decide whether to admit appeal even when it is not granted by high court.


Q18.What are the Advisory jurisdiction powers of supreme court ?
 
    Advisory jurisdiction:

    supreme court possesses advisory functions. The president can ask the supreme court for advice on any matter that

    is of public importance or that which involves interpretation of the constitution. But the supreme court is not bound to give advice and

    the president is not bound to accept such advice.

    The advantage of advisory function is that 1) it allows the government to seek legal opinion

    on the important matter so that later it does not lead to unnecessary legal hassles. 2) when the supreme court gives advice to the government

    can make changes in its actions or legislations.


Q19. What are the Advisory jurisdiction powers of the supreme court?

Arms: Special powers: supreme court can grant special leave to an appeal from any judgment or matter passed by any court in the territory of India.

     Besides this, decisions made by the supreme court are binding on all other courts within the territory of India. It is enforceable across the country.

     And the supreme court can review its own decisions at any time.

Q20. What is the original jurisdiction of the supreme court?

Ans: Original jurisdiction: it means cases that can be directly considered by the supreme court without going to lower courts before that.

     And those are federal cases. Disputes arising between union and states, and amongst states themselves directly go to the supreme court.

     The supreme court has the sole power to resolve such cases. Neither the high court nor the lower court can deal with such cases. The supreme court not

     just settles the issue but also interprets the powers of union and state government as laid down in the constitution.

Q20: What is "Writ Jurisdiction"?

Ans: It means that any individual whose fundamental rights are violated/she can directly approach the supreme court.
     Through such writs, the court can order an executive whether to act or not to act. This is called writ jurisdiction.

Q21. What is Appellate jurisdiction?

Ans: It means that the supreme court will reconsider the case and legal issues involved in it. A person can appeal to the supreme court against the

     decisions of the High Court. But the high court has to certify that the case is fit for appeal. And in a criminal case, if death has been given by

     lower court, guilty can appeal to the supreme court. Supreme Court has the right to decide whether to admit appeal even when it is not granted by the high court.

Q22. What is Advisory jurisdiction?

Ans: Advisory jurisdiction means that the president can ask the supreme court for advice on any matter that is of public importance or that which

     involves the interpretation of the constitution. But the supreme court is not bound to give advice and the president is not bound to accept such advice.

Q23. What is PIL?

Ans: PIL is an instrument by which groups, organizations or individuals can file a case in court on behalf of the aggrieved person.

Q24: Why was PIL introduced?

As: PIL was introduced for bringing justice to poor and needy. Initially, the poor could not approach the court because of less

    legal knowledge and less financial resources. But, after the 1980s, the supreme court came out with Public interest litigation in

    which the public-spirited individual or voluntary organization can file a case on behalf of aggrieved.

    For example: in 1979, an advocate filed a petition after reading about Bihar inmates spending long years in jail than their

    punishment would have required. Supreme court took up the matter and it became famous as one of the early PILs.

Q25. How has PIL impacted the democratic system?

Ans: PIL has made our political system much more democratic. Now even poor and needy can get justice. It has made our

     executive system more accountable. It has also made attempts to make elections much more free and fair. The court has

     asked candidates contesting elections to file affidavits indicating their assets and income along with educational qualifications

     so that people could elect their representatives based on accurate knowledge. Also, it has expanded the concept of rights by

     including clean air, unpolluted water, and decent living as rights of the entire society.

Q26. What are the disadvantages of PIL?

Ans: PIL has overburdened courts. It has also blurred the distinction between executive and legislature on one hand and judiciary on the other.

Q27: Give two examples of PIL?

Ans: 1. In 1979, a newspaper published a  report on Bihar prisoners about under trials. They reported that they have been

     spending more years in jail as a punishment than it would have required. An advocate filed a petition and supreme court

     took up the case. This was one of the earliest PILs. This is known as the Hussain area khatoon v/s Bihar case.


     2. In 1980, a prison inmate of tihar jail managed to send a scribbled piece of paper to justice Krishna Iyer narrating

     physical torture of prisoners. The judge got it converted into a petition. It came to be known as Sunil Batra v/s Delhi Administration.

Q28. In which year PIL was introduced?

Ans: 1979.

Q29. How does SC protect the rights of the individual?

Ans: The SC protects the rights of the individual by:

     It can restore fundamental rights by issuing writs (article32). High courts can also issue writs(Article 226).

     Supreme Court can declare the law as unconstitutional and nonoperational (Article13). This power can also be termed as judicial review.

     Where SC can declare a law unconstitutional if it goes against the basic principles of the constitution.

     Judicial activism has also expanded the scope of rights. PIL is an instrument through which judicial activism is brought into effect.

Q30. What is a judicial review?

Ans: It means the power of the supreme court (or high courts) to examine the constitutionality of any law if the court arrives

     at the conclusion that the law is inconsistent with the provisions of the constitution, such a law is declared unconstitutional and invalid.

Q31. Where can be "Judicial Review" applied?

Ans: Judicial review can be applied to Fundamental rights

     Federal relations: the Supreme Court can use judicial review powers if it sees that the distribution of powers is inconsistent with the constitution.

Q32. What is Judicial activism?

Ans: Judicial activism refers to judicial rulings that are suspected of being based on personal opinion, rather than on existing law.

     It is sometimes used as an antonym of judicial restraint.


Q33. What is keshavananda bharati case?


Ans: It was a controversy arose over parliament's power to limit or restrict the right to property.

     But court intervened and said that this is unconstitutional and the government cannot restrict right over the property.

     Parliament then tried amending the fundamental rights in the constitution but the court said that parliament cannot amend fundamental rights.

     During 1967 and 1973, this fight between the executive and judiciary became very popular. in 1973, the court gave

     a decision that became very famous as keshavananda Bharati case. The court said that there is a basic structure of constitution which

     cannot be amended or violated by the executive. And it also said that right to property is not the basic structure of constitution and

     therefore, the right to property can be amended to bring public welfare. Nad secondly it also said that it is the ONLY court that will decide what

     is the basic structure of the constitution.


Q34. What are the problems currently faced by our judiciary?


Ans: The problems currently faced by our judiciary are:

    1.Corruption

    2.Delay in giving judgments

    3. Witnesses turning hostile: that means witnesses not giving true account of circumstances

    4.Lack of staff

    5.Overburdening of cases

    6.No transparency among judges

    7. Only wealthy and influential can approach courts

Q35. How has our constitution maintained the division of powers?

Ans: Our constitution has provided a system of balance of power. no organ of government can claim supremacy.

     Each organ has clear functioning. Parliament is supreme in law-making

     and amending the constitution. And executive is supreme in implementing them. while the judiciary is supreme

     in settling disputes and deciding whether laws have been made by the principles of the constitution.


Q36. Give a few examples where the judiciary has become active in political cases?

Ans: Judiciary has given directions to CBI to initiate investigations against politicians and bureaucrats in the hawala case,  Narasimha Rao case, Chidambaram case and Illegal allotment of petrol pumps case

XI Pol.Science Chapter 1 Political Theory: Notes

chapter 1 Political Theory: Notes

chapter 1

Q1. What is the significance of political theory?

Ans: The Significance (Importance) of political theory is :

     1. It critically evaluates values that are part of our life- freedom, equality, and justice.
     2. It defines the concepts and talks about its significance.
     3. Students will be all adults tomorrow and have a right to vote. So you need to
        know which party is acting responsibly and in the welfare of citizens.
        You need to have a basic knowledge of political ideas and institutions.
     4. In future you may be lawyers, activists, teachers, politicians, judges, bureaucrats,
        so you must be aware of the political ideas.
     5. Political theory shapes our opinions and argues in an informed manner.
     6. It examines the extent to which freedom is resent in the institutions.
     7. It looks whether existing institutions are adequate and how existing institutions can be
        made more democratic.
     8. It trains individuals to think rationally about political questions.

Q2.  How does political theory allow us to think rationally?

       or  How does political theory make society more democratic?

Ans: Political Theory examines whether the system is correct or not.

       It clearly defines the values and sees whether the current system in democratic and fair or not.
      It provides an individual of the values which should exist in the system.

Q3.  what is politics?

Ans: Politics is a process by which decisions are taken in the interest of people.
       The related institutions decide what is just and unjust.
       They collectively remove unjust practices in the system.
       It is important in resolving conflicts over the distribution of resources and for
      development in society.

Q4.  Why politics has become a bad word?

Ans: Politics have become a bad word because of the scams and scandals committed by
         our bureaucracy and politicians. our political system has become corrupt were the
        office holders think about expanding their own interests.

Q3.  How ordinary people carry out politics?

Ans: 1.Ordinary people organize campaigns and form associations to put their demands
        2. They forward it to the government. But if the government does not listen to their demands,
           then they protest and organize rallies and demonstrations. protest by Anna Hazare against corruption is a clear example.

Q4.  what is the significance of politics?

Ans: 1.Politics is very important for the progress and development of society.
        2. It is required for arriving at just decisions and removing injustices in society.
        3. It allows for negotiations that go in society through collective decision making.
        4. It resolves conflicts over the distribution of resources.

Q5.  How does politics help in resolving the conflict over the distribution of resources?

Ans: 1. There are various groups in our society.
        2. All these groups require resources to develop their community.
        3. But, natural resources are scarce. so groups fight over these limited resources.
        4. Therefore government intervenes to help in just and equal distribution  of resources so that
           no community feel marginalized and exploited.

Q6.  Why do we need political theory?

Ans: we require political theory for:

     1. it deals with ideas and principles that shape constitutions, governments, and social life.
     2. it clarifies the meaning of concepts like freedom, equality, justice, democracy, secularism, etc.
     3. political theorists examine arguments of thinkers and then defend values and 
        shape possibilities for the future.
     4. Although society has achieved freedom and equality but there other sections that have 
         not been able to get a minimum quality of life. so society still needs freedom and equality for other sections of society.
     5. the world is changing and the meaning of freedom and rights also change.   
         so we need to be in touch with the political theory of what rights and what kinds of freedom
         needs to be brought in, for example, we now have right to information.

Q7.   Even though India has got independence, why do we need political theory?

Ans:  Even though India has got independence, we need political theory because
   
      1. There are still restrictions on freedom in the form of 
        on the basis of caste, gender, region, and religion.

      2. There is poverty and unemployment.

      3.some are privileged while others are deprived of basic necessities.
        so to bring freedom and equality to all sections, we require political theory.

Q8.  Why do we require political theory with changing times?

Ans:  Society changes with changing times. And as society changes, different interpretations of concepts like freedom, equality, rights emerge. For example: now our rights have been expanded and we have the right   to information as one of our rights.

XI Pol.Science : Chapter 2 Freedom Notes

Chapter 2 Freedom

Q1.  What is freedom?

Ans: Freedom can be defined in two aspects, that is, absence of constraints and the existence of conditions that expand freedom. 

Q2.  What is the meaning of "Absence of Constraints"?

Ans: Absence of external constraints means that an individual should not be forced to perform any actions which she/he does not want to perform. for example: in Burma, there is forced labor. people are forced to work there at low or no wages. so this restricts their freedom. 

Q3.  what is the meaning of the presence of conditions which expand freedom?

Ans: Conditions which expand her freedom means that there should be conditions available that make an individual enjoy their freedom more. for example, there should be educational opportunities available for women so that she can keep herself informed, she can get into employment, she can know her rights and in this way, she will be having more opportunities to enjoy her freedom.  Furthermore, in this freedom she can develop her capabilities and creativity. 

so there it needs to be freedom in sports, science, arts, music or exploration. 

Q4.  what is swaraj?

Ans: Swaraj means self and raj means the rule. it means rule of self and rule over self. 

Q5.  what is swaraj? explain elaborately.

Ans: 1. Swaraj means self and raj means the rule. 

         2. It means the rule of self and rule over self-rule of self refers to freedom from British

            rule and attainment of freedom for India.

         3. It is not just meant for political freedom but also economic, social and cultural

             freedom. economic freedom means the removal of poverty and having employment.

         4. Social freedom means where people from different castes and religion are not 

            discriminated and everybody is treated equally. 

        5. Cultural freedom where all religions and cultures are equally respected. this type

            of freedom will help in gaining self-respect and dignity for everybody. 

Q6.  what are the constraints on freedom?

Ans: 1.constraints on freedom come from domination and external controls. 

        2.External controls in the form of law imposed by the government. for example apartheid

           rule in South Africa.  

       3.other constraints is from inequality in the form of social, economic and cultural inequality. 

Q7.  what is subash chandra bose's view on freedom?

Ans: 1. Subhash Chandra Bose shares the same view of freedom as Gandhi. Bose was also in favor of economic, 

        social and cultural inequality.

     2. he said that there should be freedom of rich and poor, freedom for men and women freedom for all classes and all individuals,

        freedom for individual and society.

     3. Freedom does not only means independence of India from British rule but an equal distribution of wealth, the abolition of caste, destruction of communism and religious intolerance. 

Q8.  why do we need constraints?

Ans: we need constraints so that we can respect the difference of ideas, beliefs, and opinions in society. This will lead to the maintenance of order and peace in society. 

Q9.   What is the harm principle of JS Mill?

Ans: 1. John Stuart Mill says that there are two kinds of actions- self regarding actions and other-regarding actions. 

       2.self regarding actions are those actions which affect the individual only. and other-regarding actions are those actions that affect society.so harm principle means the actions of an individual which 'harms'  other individual, should be restricted by law. 

Q10. Give two kinds of actions of JS Mill?

Ans: John Stuart Mill says that there are two kinds of actions- self regarding actions and other 

     regarding actions. self regarding actions are those actions which affect the individual only. 

     and other-regarding actions are those actions that affect society. 

Q11. Does JSMill call for the law to interfere in all kinds of other-regarding actions?

Ans: No, JS Mill doesn't call for the law to interfere in all kinds of other-regarding actions.

     he says only when the harm is serious then only law needs to call.

     for minor harm only social disapproval is sufficient.  

Q12. what is reasonable restrictions?

Ans: 1.Reasonable restrictions mean that restrictions need to be reasonable on the law.

        2. There it needs to be justifiable constraints. it should not be out of proportion 

           and excessive to the action being restricted. 

        3. Restrictions should be capable of being defended. otherwise, it will lead to restrictions 

          on the general freedom of the individual. 

Q13. what is modern liberalism?

Ans: 1.Liberalism has been identified with tolerance.

        2.It means the right of a person to hold and express his/ her opinion and beliefs should be defended. 

     3.Modern liberalism focus on the individual. 

     4. They emphasize on individual's choices and interests. family, society, and community

        have no value.

     5. Modern liberals give priority to individual liberty rather than equality.

Q13. what is the example of modern liberalism?

Ans: For example: in terms of marriage , only the individuals will be heard not their parents or community. 

Q14. what is the difference between classical and modern liberalism?

Ans: In classical liberalism, there was minimal state and only functions they used to carry out was  to maintain their law and order. but in modern liberalism, role of state is emphasised to be that  of welfare state where social and economic inequalities are emphasised.  

Q15. what are two kinds of liberty?

Ans: positive liberty and negative liberty

Q16. What is positive liberty?  

 Ans: It explains the idea "freedom to". this area is concerned where the state can interfere. 

     state's interference here does not restrict freedom. It actually enhances freedom.

     For example provision of positive conditions like education, health, employment, etc. 

     so these provisions help in the fuller development of the personality of an individual. positive liberty recognizes that one can be free only in society. and hence state creates a society in such a way that it enlarges one's freedom.  

Q17. what is negative liberty? 

Ans: Negative liberty defines an area where no authority can interfere. 

        An individual can do whatever he /she wants to do. 

Q18. Give an example of positive liberty?

Ans: Provision of education, employment and health facilities by state.

Q19. Give an example of negative liberty?

Ans: Listening to music, wearing clothes of different types and traveling any part of the country or globe.

Q20. what did Voltaire say on freedom of expression?

Ans: Voltaire said that I may disapprove of whatever you say but I defend your right to speak till death. 

     it means that I may not agree with whatever you say but then you have a right to speak.

Q21. what are the four reasons given by the Mill for protecting freedom of speech and expression? 

Ans:  1.Mo idea is completely false. what appears as false has some element of truth.

      2. Truth does not emerge by itself. it is only through debates and discussion that truth emerges.  

      3. The conflict of ideas is important not only for the past but for the present and future also. 

        Only when the truth is exposed to constant criticism, it then becomes trustworthy.

      4. We cannot be sure what we considered true is actually true. ideas which were true at 

        one point of time is false at another point in time.