Chapter 2 Freedom
Q1. What is freedom?
Ans: Freedom can be defined in two aspects, that is, absence of constraints and the existence of conditions that expand freedom.
Q2. What is the meaning of "Absence of Constraints"?
Ans: Absence of external constraints means that an individual should not be forced to perform any actions which she/he does not want to perform. for example: in Burma, there is forced labor. people are forced to work there at low or no wages. so this restricts their freedom.
Q3. what is the meaning of the presence of conditions which expand freedom?
Ans: Conditions which expand her freedom means that there should be conditions available that make an individual enjoy their freedom more. for example, there should be educational opportunities available for women so that she can keep herself informed, she can get into employment, she can know her rights and in this way, she will be having more opportunities to enjoy her freedom. Furthermore, in this freedom she can develop her capabilities and creativity.
so there it needs to be freedom in sports, science, arts, music or exploration.
Q4. what is swaraj?
Ans: Swaraj means self and raj means the rule. it means rule of self and rule over self.
Q5. what is swaraj? explain elaborately.
Ans: 1. Swaraj means self and raj means the rule.
2. It means the rule of self and rule over self-rule of self refers to freedom from British
rule and attainment of freedom for India.
3. It is not just meant for political freedom but also economic, social and cultural
freedom. economic freedom means the removal of poverty and having employment.
4. Social freedom means where people from different castes and religion are not
discriminated and everybody is treated equally.
5. Cultural freedom where all religions and cultures are equally respected. this type
of freedom will help in gaining self-respect and dignity for everybody.
Q6. what are the constraints on freedom?
Ans: 1.constraints on freedom come from domination and external controls.
2.External controls in the form of law imposed by the government. for example apartheid
rule in South Africa.
3.other constraints is from inequality in the form of social, economic and cultural inequality.
Q7. what is subash chandra bose's view on freedom?
Ans: 1. Subhash Chandra Bose shares the same view of freedom as Gandhi. Bose was also in favor of economic,
social and cultural inequality.
2. he said that there should be freedom of rich and poor, freedom for men and women freedom for all classes and all individuals,
freedom for individual and society.
3. Freedom does not only means independence of India from British rule but an equal distribution of wealth, the abolition of caste, destruction of communism and religious intolerance.
Q8. why do we need constraints?
Ans: we need constraints so that we can respect the difference of ideas, beliefs, and opinions in society. This will lead to the maintenance of order and peace in society.
Q9. What is the harm principle of JS Mill?
Ans: 1. John Stuart Mill says that there are two kinds of actions- self regarding actions and other-regarding actions.
2.self regarding actions are those actions which affect the individual only. and other-regarding actions are those actions that affect society.so harm principle means the actions of an individual which 'harms' other individual, should be restricted by law.
Q10. Give two kinds of actions of JS Mill?
Ans: John Stuart Mill says that there are two kinds of actions- self regarding actions and other
regarding actions. self regarding actions are those actions which affect the individual only.
and other-regarding actions are those actions that affect society.
Q11. Does JSMill call for the law to interfere in all kinds of other-regarding actions?
Ans: No, JS Mill doesn't call for the law to interfere in all kinds of other-regarding actions.
he says only when the harm is serious then only law needs to call.
for minor harm only social disapproval is sufficient.
Q12. what is reasonable restrictions?
Ans: 1.Reasonable restrictions mean that restrictions need to be reasonable on the law.
2. There it needs to be justifiable constraints. it should not be out of proportion
and excessive to the action being restricted.
3. Restrictions should be capable of being defended. otherwise, it will lead to restrictions
on the general freedom of the individual.
Q13. what is modern liberalism?
Ans: 1.Liberalism has been identified with tolerance.
2.It means the right of a person to hold and express his/ her opinion and beliefs should be defended.
3.Modern liberalism focus on the individual.
4. They emphasize on individual's choices and interests. family, society, and community
have no value.
5. Modern liberals give priority to individual liberty rather than equality.
Q13. what is the example of modern liberalism?
Ans: For example: in terms of marriage , only the individuals will be heard not their parents or community.
Q14. what is the difference between classical and modern liberalism?
Ans: In classical liberalism, there was minimal state and only functions they used to carry out was to maintain their law and order. but in modern liberalism, role of state is emphasised to be that of welfare state where social and economic inequalities are emphasised.
Q15. what are two kinds of liberty?
Ans: positive liberty and negative liberty
Q16. What is positive liberty?
Ans: It explains the idea "freedom to". this area is concerned where the state can interfere.
state's interference here does not restrict freedom. It actually enhances freedom.
For example provision of positive conditions like education, health, employment, etc.
so these provisions help in the fuller development of the personality of an individual. positive liberty recognizes that one can be free only in society. and hence state creates a society in such a way that it enlarges one's freedom.
Q17. what is negative liberty?
Ans: Negative liberty defines an area where no authority can interfere.
An individual can do whatever he /she wants to do.
Q18. Give an example of positive liberty?
Ans: Provision of education, employment and health facilities by state.
Q19. Give an example of negative liberty?
Ans: Listening to music, wearing clothes of different types and traveling any part of the country or globe.
Q20. what did Voltaire say on freedom of expression?
Ans: Voltaire said that I may disapprove of whatever you say but I defend your right to speak till death.
it means that I may not agree with whatever you say but then you have a right to speak.
Q21. what are the four reasons given by the Mill for protecting freedom of speech and expression?
Ans: 1.Mo idea is completely false. what appears as false has some element of truth.
2. Truth does not emerge by itself. it is only through debates and discussion that truth emerges.
3. The conflict of ideas is important not only for the past but for the present and future also.
Only when the truth is exposed to constant criticism, it then becomes trustworthy.
4. We cannot be sure what we considered true is actually true. ideas which were true at
one point of time is false at another point in time.
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