1. Al-Biruni was born in the modern-day Uzbek city of Khwarizm. Al-Biruni was taken to Sultan Mahmud's capital Ghazni after an assault on Khawrizm.
2."Kitab-ul-Hind," also known as "Tahkik-a-Hind," was written by Al-Biruni.
3.Ibn-travelogue Battuta's "Rihla" contains fascinating details about social and
India's cultural life.
4. Ibn-Battuta is repeatedly attacked by robbery gangs.
5.Whatever Bernier observed in India, he related it to the situation in Europe.
6.Al-Biruni talked about a number of "barriers".
7.Indian agriculture, according to Ibn-Battuta, was exceedingly successful.
8.Ibn-Battuta was astonished by the postal system to a great extent. Bernier contrasted India
with present-day Europe.
9.In "Travels in the Mughal empire," Bernier recorded his narrative in a critical manner.
10.In India, towns were home to roughly 15% of the population in the 17th century.
11.Bernier referred to the Mughal towns, which were reliant on the imperial
to ensure their survival, protection.
AL-BIRUNI AND THE KITAB –UL –HIND:
1. Kitab ul-Hind by Al-Biruni was written in Arabic language.
2. It is a lengthy text with 80 chapters on topics like philosophy and religion.
festival, astronomy, social life, manners, and weight
3. Al-Biruni and the Sanskrit IC tradition: Making Sense of a Strange World Getting Past Obstacles to
Understanding.
4. Ideas and concepts in Sanskrit were so dissimilar from those in Arabic and Persian languages.
didn't translate well from one tongue to another.
5.Have different religious practises and beliefs. self-absorption and the ensuing isolationism of the people who live there.
6.He frequently cited verses from the Vedas and nearly exclusively relied on Bramanas' writings.
the Bhagavad Gita, the Puranas.
7.The works of Patanjali, the Manusmriti etc provided an understanding of Indian society.
Al-Biruni’s Description of the Caste System:
· Al-Biruni tried to explain the caste system by looking for parallels in other societies.
· He suggested that social divisions were not uniqueto India
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