Notes on Chapter 3: Equality:
Q1. What is equality?
Ans. equality means that all people are entitled to same rights and oppurtunities to develop
their skills and talents and to pursue their goals and amibitions.
Q2. Do we want equality in income?
Ans. no
Q3. Do we want equality of oppurtunity?
Ans. yes
Q4. what is equality of oppurtunity?
Ans. equality of oppurtunity means people having access to basic goods such as education,
health care and safe housing that will lead to an equal and just society.
Q5. What is natural inequality?
Ans. Natural inequalities are those that emerge from different capabilities and talents. they are due to different physical characteristics.
Q6. can natural inequality be altered?
Ans. natural inequality can be altered if there is huge support from government and institutions to disbaled people.
Q7. what are social inequality?
Ans. social inequalities are those inequalities that arise from the deprivation of basic things which are necessary to
lead a minimum quality of life like education, safe housing and healthcare.
Q8. What are the three dimensions of equality?
Ans. political, economiic and social equality
Q9. what is political equality ?
Ans. political equality means granting equal citizenship to all members of the state. equal citizenship provides
certain basic rights such as right to vote, freedom of expression, movement and association and freedom of belief to
everybody. They can participate in the affairs of the country.
Q10. what is social equality?
Ans. It means provision of equality in society. equality of oppurtunites need to be provided so that minimum quality of life can be achieved.
Q11. what is economic equality?
Ans. economic equality means granting equal economic oppurtunities to all.
Q12. what are the views of karl marx on equality?
Ans. karl marx , 19th century thinker says that inequality has arisen because of the ownership of
important economic resources like oil, land, forests and other forms of property by rich class.
and by owning such a great economic power, they have also got hold of political power. so these rich class
make policies which benefit the rich class and is disadvantageous to poor class. so economic inequality provides
support to other forms of inequality. so only providing oppurtunities will not help the poor class. karl marx says
the need is to have state or public control over the resources and property of the society. so , karl marx belive that
social, economic and political inequality is linked. because rich people having control over
wealth leads to control over political system and this also makes them powerful in society.
Q13. what are the views of liberals on equality?
Ans. To achieve equality, liberals say that let state intervene in providing minimum welfare to people. and when people
have attained minimum standard of living, allow competition between them and everybody will then get according to their
hard work. so long as competition is there, inequalities will not be there in the system. they believe that political ,
social and economic inequality is not linked. they want each sphere tobe dealt individually to tackle its problems. for
political inequality we need democracy. and for social and economic inequality, state can intervene to provide minimum
standard of living. liberals donot have problem as such with inequality. but they want that inequality should not disturb
us while achieving our fuller capabilities.
q14. What steps can be taken to promote equality?
Ans. 1. Establishing formal equality
2. Equality through different treatment
3. Affirmative Action
Q15. what is affirmative action?
Ans. affirmative action means taking positive measures to minimise and eliminate social inequalities.
Q16. why do we need affirmative action?18.
Ans. we require affirmative action because our society has entrenched inequality. Customs in our society since ages
has deprived lower castes of minimum standard of living. And this has further made them backward. India has
also failed miserably in providing good schooling and health facilities to all sections of the community.
so government has provided them reservations so that they get level playing field in competition with better off people.
Q17. what is the criticism of affirmative action?
Ans. critics of affirmative action says that reservations goes against the right to equal treatment. they say that
reservations are reverse discrimination. equality means that all persons should be treated equally. and if we will
make distinctions between caste to provide them reservations in jobs, we will further reinforce the caste factor.
so they say that we need to do away with the caste distinctions.
Q18.
Q1. What is equality?
Ans. equality means that all people are entitled to same rights and oppurtunities to develop
their skills and talents and to pursue their goals and amibitions.
Q2. Do we want equality in income?
Ans. no
Q3. Do we want equality of oppurtunity?
Ans. yes
Q4. what is equality of oppurtunity?
Ans. equality of oppurtunity means people having access to basic goods such as education,
health care and safe housing that will lead to an equal and just society.
Q5. What is natural inequality?
Ans. Natural inequalities are those that emerge from different capabilities and talents. they are due to different physical characteristics.
Q6. can natural inequality be altered?
Ans. natural inequality can be altered if there is huge support from government and institutions to disbaled people.
Q7. what are social inequality?
Ans. social inequalities are those inequalities that arise from the deprivation of basic things which are necessary to
lead a minimum quality of life like education, safe housing and healthcare.
Q8. What are the three dimensions of equality?
Ans. political, economiic and social equality
Q9. what is political equality ?
Ans. political equality means granting equal citizenship to all members of the state. equal citizenship provides
certain basic rights such as right to vote, freedom of expression, movement and association and freedom of belief to
everybody. They can participate in the affairs of the country.
Q10. what is social equality?
Ans. It means provision of equality in society. equality of oppurtunites need to be provided so that minimum quality of life can be achieved.
Q11. what is economic equality?
Ans. economic equality means granting equal economic oppurtunities to all.
Q12. what are the views of karl marx on equality?
Ans. karl marx , 19th century thinker says that inequality has arisen because of the ownership of
important economic resources like oil, land, forests and other forms of property by rich class.
and by owning such a great economic power, they have also got hold of political power. so these rich class
make policies which benefit the rich class and is disadvantageous to poor class. so economic inequality provides
support to other forms of inequality. so only providing oppurtunities will not help the poor class. karl marx says
the need is to have state or public control over the resources and property of the society. so , karl marx belive that
social, economic and political inequality is linked. because rich people having control over
wealth leads to control over political system and this also makes them powerful in society.
Q13. what are the views of liberals on equality?
Ans. To achieve equality, liberals say that let state intervene in providing minimum welfare to people. and when people
have attained minimum standard of living, allow competition between them and everybody will then get according to their
hard work. so long as competition is there, inequalities will not be there in the system. they believe that political ,
social and economic inequality is not linked. they want each sphere tobe dealt individually to tackle its problems. for
political inequality we need democracy. and for social and economic inequality, state can intervene to provide minimum
standard of living. liberals donot have problem as such with inequality. but they want that inequality should not disturb
us while achieving our fuller capabilities.
q14. What steps can be taken to promote equality?
Ans. 1. Establishing formal equality
2. Equality through different treatment
3. Affirmative Action
Q15. what is affirmative action?
Ans. affirmative action means taking positive measures to minimise and eliminate social inequalities.
Q16. why do we need affirmative action?18.
Ans. we require affirmative action because our society has entrenched inequality. Customs in our society since ages
has deprived lower castes of minimum standard of living. And this has further made them backward. India has
also failed miserably in providing good schooling and health facilities to all sections of the community.
so government has provided them reservations so that they get level playing field in competition with better off people.
Q17. what is the criticism of affirmative action?
Ans. critics of affirmative action says that reservations goes against the right to equal treatment. they say that
reservations are reverse discrimination. equality means that all persons should be treated equally. and if we will
make distinctions between caste to provide them reservations in jobs, we will further reinforce the caste factor.
so they say that we need to do away with the caste distinctions.
Q18.
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